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Space Segment

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Last Update: 2009-12-02 

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At least 24 GPS satellites orbit the earth twice a day in a specific pattern. They travel at approximately 7,000 miles per hour about 12,000 miles above the earth’s surface. These satellites are spaced so that a GPS receiver anywhere in the world can receive signals from at least four of them.

Each GPS satellite constantly sends coded radio signals (known as pseudorandom code) to the earth. These GPS satellite signals contain the following information:
  • The particular satellite that is sending the information
  • Where that satellite should be at any given time (the precise location of the satellite is called ephemeris data)
  • Whether or not the satellite is working properly
  • The date and time that the satellite sent the signal
The signals can pass through clouds, glass, and plastic. Most solid objects such as buildings attenuate (decrease the power of) the signals. The signals cannot pass through objects that contain a lot of metal or objects that contain water (such as underwater locations).

The GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. If solar energy is unavailable, for example, when the satellite is in the earth’s shadow, the satellites use backup batteries to continue running. Each GPS satellite is built to last about 10 years. The Department of Defense monitors and replaces the satellites to ensure that GPS technology continues to run smoothly for years to come.




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